Causes of Female Infertility
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. However, for women over the age of 35, this timeframe is shortened to six months. If pregnancy has not occurred within this period, it is recommended to consult a gynecologist without delay.
Thanks to advancements in reproductive science, many causes of female infertility can now be successfully treated. In this article, we will explore the most common reasons women may struggle to conceive and the treatment options available.
Common Causes of Female Infertility
1. Ovulation Disorders
One of the most frequent causes of infertility in women is problems with ovulation. Irregular or absent ovulation can prevent the release of eggs necessary for fertilization. Conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, and high prolactin levels are common hormonal causes. Ovarian cysts, infections, endometriomas (chocolate cysts), past surgeries, and cancer treatments can also damage ovarian function and lead to infertility.
These problems often present as irregular periods, but ovulation issues can also occur in women with regular cycles.
2. Blocked Fallopian Tubes
Tubal factor infertility is another common issue. When the fallopian tubes are blocked due to infections, previous surgeries, or endometriosis, sperm cannot reach the egg. Even if fertilization occurs, the embryo may not travel to the uterus, leading to ectopic pregnancy. Microsurgical procedures can sometimes restore tubal function, or IVF may be recommended.
3. Advanced Maternal Age
Fertility naturally declines with age. After 35, both the quality and quantity of a woman’s eggs diminish. Women with low ovarian reserve due to age are often advised to begin IVF treatment without delay. In some cases, egg donation may be the best option to achieve pregnancy.
4. Endometriosis
Endometriosis occurs when the tissue that normally lines the uterus grows outside it, often causing pain and infertility. It can lead to adhesions around the ovaries, tubes, and uterus, making conception more difficult.
5. Uterine Abnormalities
Congenital uterine malformations, fibroids, polyps, or intrauterine adhesions can interfere with embryo implantation and increase the risk of infertility.
6. Immune and Genetic Factors
In rare cases, the immune system may identify the embryo as a foreign body and reject it. Genetic abnormalities can also play a role in female infertility.
7. Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
Smoking, alcohol use, obesity, being underweight, and high stress levels can all negatively impact fertility by disrupting hormonal balance and ovulation.
Symptoms of Female Infertility
- Irregular or absent menstrual cycles
- Painful or heavy periods
- Acne and excessive hair growth (hirsutism)
- Pain during intercourse
Hormonal imbalances may also cause visible physical changes such as weight gain and skin problems.
Diagnosing Female Infertility
When a patient visits a doctor for infertility concerns, a thorough physical exam and detailed medical history are the first steps. Hormonal blood tests and ultrasound imaging are commonly used to evaluate the uterus and ovaries. These methods help diagnose issues such as PCOS, fibroids, and other structural conditions.
Laparoscopy is another diagnostic and therapeutic tool, especially useful for identifying and treating endometriosis or pelvic adhesions. In complex cases, further genetic or immunological testing may be required.
Can Female Infertility Be Treated?
Yes. Thanks to major advancements in assisted reproductive technologies (ART), many infertility cases can now be treated. The appropriate treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, IVF, or egg donation.
At British Cyprus IVF Hospital, we are proud to offer state-of-the-art fertility treatments using the most advanced technologies available. Our internationally accredited embryology lab contributes to our high success rates.
If you would like more information about IVF or donation treatments, please fill out our contact form or reach out to us via WhatsApp. We’re here to help you take the next step toward parenthood.
