Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common health conditions affecting women worldwide. According to medical studies, approximately 8–13% of women of reproductive age are affected by PCOS. PCOS is also one of the leading causes of infertility in women and should be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.
What Is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?
If you’re wondering “What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?” here’s what you need to know:
PCOS is a hormonal disorder that affects women during their reproductive years. In this condition, small fluid-filled sacs (cysts) form along the outer edge of the ovaries. These sacs contain immature eggs (follicles) that fail to mature and release properly, affecting normal ovulation and ovarian function. Women with PCOS often experience unexplained weight gain, and losing weight becomes more difficult than it is for others.
What Are the Symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
PCOS symptoms often begin around the time of the first menstrual period, but they may also appear later. Symptoms can vary between individuals, but having two or more of the following may lead to a PCOS diagnosis:
- Irregular Periods:
One of the most common signs of PCOS is irregular or missed periods. Irregular ovulation can make it difficult to conceive. - Excess Androgens:
Elevated levels of male hormones (androgens) can cause hirsutism (excessive facial and body hair), severe acne, and male-pattern baldness. - Polycystic Ovaries:
Ovaries may become enlarged and contain multiple small cysts that affect their ability to function normally.
PCOS symptoms tend to be more severe in overweight or obese individuals.
How Is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Diagnosed?
Diagnosing PCOS involves a combination of the following:
- Medical History & Physical Exam: To review symptoms such as irregular periods, acne, and hair growth.
- Blood Tests: To measure hormone levels, insulin resistance, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
- Ultrasound: To detect cysts on the ovaries and check the size and appearance of the ovaries.
Even when symptoms are subtle, these tests help confirm the diagnosis.
What Causes Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
The exact cause of PCOS is still unknown, but several factors may contribute to its development:
- Genetics:
If your mother or sister has PCOS, your risk of developing it is higher. - Insulin Resistance:
When body cells do not respond properly to insulin, the body produces more of it. High insulin levels can increase androgen production, leading to symptoms like excess hair growth and acne. - Hormonal Imbalance:
High levels of androgens (male hormones) disrupt ovulation and other reproductive processes. - Low-Grade Inflammation:
Chronic inflammation can stimulate the ovaries to produce more androgens, contributing to PCOS.
Environmental Factors:
Repeated and long-term exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may also play a role.
How Is PCOS Treated?
PCOS treatment often includes lifestyle changes, such as:
- Weight management
- Healthy, balanced diet
- Regular physical activity
In addition to lifestyle modifications, medical treatments may include:
- Hormonal Birth Control – to regulate periods and reduce androgen levels
- Anti-Androgens – to control excess hair and acne
- Metformin – to manage insulin resistance
- Clomiphene Citrate or Letrozole – to induce ovulation
- Gonadotropins – fertility medications for more advanced cases
Ovarian Drilling (surgery) – a minimally invasive surgical procedure used in certain cases
Can Women with PCOS Get Pregnant?
Yes, many women with PCOS can conceive with the help of fertility treatments. Options include:
- Ovulation induction with Clomiphene, Letrozole, Metformin, or Gonadotropins
- In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
- Ovarian Drilling (in select cases)
With proper management, many women with PCOS go on to have healthy pregnancies.
Who Is Affected by PCOS?
PCOS is most commonly diagnosed in women of reproductive age, typically between 14 and 40 years old. However, it can begin as early as puberty and may persist into later life if not properly managed.
